Your ownership of a pass-through trade or business can generate a Section 199A tax deduction of up to 20 percent of your qualified business income (QBI). The C corporation does not generate this deduction, but the proprietorship, partnership, S corporation, and certain trusts, estates, and rental properties do.
The tax code says QBI includes the net dollar amount of qualified items of income, gain, deduction, and loss with respect to any qualified trade or business of the taxpayer.
Sole Proprietorship QBI
The QBI for the sole proprietor begins with your net business profit as shown on your Schedule C. You then adjust that profit as follows:
- Subtract the deduction for self-employed health insurance.
- Subtract the deduction for one-half of the self-employment tax.
- Subtract qualified retirement plan deductions.
- Subtract Section 1231 net losses (ignore gains).
Example. You have $120,000 of net income on Schedule C. You deducted $10,000 for self-employed health insurance, $8,478 for one-half of your self-employment taxes, and $10,000 for a SEP-IRA contribution. Your QBI is $91,522 ($120,000 – $10,000 – $8,478 – $10,000).
Rental Property QBI
If you own rental property as an individual or through a single-member LLC for which you did not elect corporate taxation, you report your rental activity on Schedule E of your Form 1040. If you can claim the property is a trade or business, your QBI begins with the net income from your Schedule E.
Partner’s QBI from the Partnership
A partner may obtain income from the partnership in two ways: (1) as a payout of profits and/or (2) as a Section 707 payment (generally referred to as a “guaranteed payment”). The profits qualify as QBI, and the partnership profits are adjusted for the same items as with the sole proprietorship. The Section 707 payments reduce the net income of the partnership. They do not count as QBI.
S Corporation Shareholder QBI
The more than 2 percent shareholder in an S corporation ends with QBI calculated in the same manner as for the sole proprietor. For example, the S corporation treats the health insurance as wages to the shareholder which reduces the profits of the S corporation and that reduces the shareholder’s QBI.
Wages paid to the shareholder-employee reduce the net income of the S corporation but do not count as QBI.
Trusts and Estates
The rules above apply to trusts and estates. The tricky part is where to apply the rules—to the trust, to the estate, or to the beneficiary?